Browsing by Author "Makyov Y."

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    Flexural and Specific Properties of Acrylic Solid Surface (PMMA/ATH) Composites: Effects of Thermoforming-Relevant Heating and Cooling
    (2025-11-01) Jivkov V.; Petrova B.; Yavorov N.; Makyov Y.
    Acrylic solid surface composites made of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and aluminum trihydrate, Al(OH)3 (ATH) are widely used in furniture and interior applications. However, independent brand comparative data, especially on density-normalized (“specific”) properties, remain limited. This study quantifies the flexural response of 11 commercial sheets (6, 8, and 12 mm, including one translucent) under ISO 178 three-point bending and evaluates the effects of heating and cooling relevant to thermoforming. The density is concentrated in the range 1680–1748 kg/m3 (weighted mean of 1712 kg/m3). The flexural strength ranged between 51 and 79 MPa, divided into three groups—high (76–79 MPa), medium (63–67 MPa), and low (51–56 MPa) levels, while the modulus ranged between 7700 and 9400 MPa with a narrow dispersion. The strength showed no significant correlation with density, while the modulus increased with density, indicating that stiffness is composition-dominated, while strength is influenced by factors related to microstructural defects/particle boundaries. Heating at 160 °C and subsequent cooling have a significant influence on flexural strength and strain. Flexural strength increased by an average of approximately 7%, and flexural strain increased by approximately 12%, while the modulus remained virtually unchanged (within ±0.5%); additionally, shock cooling did not bring any benefits. The density-normalized parameters (σ/ρ, E/ρ) reflected these trends, allowing for a more accurate comparison when limited by mass or deformation. Overall, the results are broadly consistent with manufacturers’ declarations and demonstrate that thermoforming-relevant heating at 160 °C, followed by cooling, can be used not only to improve formability but also to modestly increase flexural strength and strain without compromising stiffness.