Application of Bio-Based Activated Carbon from Cocoa Husk Waste for High-Efficiency Adsorption in Water Treatment

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creativework.keywordsadsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetics, bio-based material, cocoa bean husk, reactive dye removal, thermodynamics, water purification
creativework.publisherMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)en
dc.contributor.authorAngelova D.
dc.contributor.authorToteva V.
dc.contributor.authorGeorgiev G.
dc.date.accessioned2026-01-20T13:58:04Z
dc.date.accessioned2026-01-20T15:55:10Z
dc.date.available2026-01-20T13:58:04Z
dc.date.available2026-01-20T15:55:10Z
dc.date.issued2025-10-01
dc.description.abstractThis research presents the study of utilizing the cocoa husk biomass waste to obtain active carbon through carbonization method, followed by chemical–thermal activation. The activated carbon (CH) was characterized using BET, SEM–EDX, XPS, and Raman techniques. The obtained material showed a high specific surface area of 1661 m2·g−1, and XPS confirmed the presence of oxygen-containing surface functionalities. The adsorption of reactive dye Drimaren Red K-7B by CH was studied to assess the impact of the initial concentration in water solution, temperature, and contact time. The adsorbent achieved over 90% removal within three minutes at 40 °C. The experimental data for the adsorption of Drimaren Red K-7B using CH showed a good fit with the Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm and a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. This research offers a promising approach for advancing the circular economy through the obtaining of eco-friendly adsorbents derived from biomass waste, exhibiting high initial adsorption efficiency and rapid uptake kinetics towards reactive dye.
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/separations12100278
dc.identifier.issn2297-8739
dc.identifier.scopusSCOPUS_ID:105020170560en
dc.identifier.urihttps://rlib.uctm.edu/handle/123456789/1910
dc.language.isoen
dc.source.urihttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=105020170560&origin=inward
dc.titleApplication of Bio-Based Activated Carbon from Cocoa Husk Waste for High-Efficiency Adsorption in Water Treatment
dc.typeArticle
oaire.citation.issue10
oaire.citation.volume12
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