Influence of Engine Load on Soot Mass Concentration and Morphology in Diesel Exhaust

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creativework.keywordscombustion efficiency, diesel engine, distribution-based estimation, Euro 7 regulation, exhaust emissions, NOx–soot trade-off, particle morphology, particle number (PN), SEM/EDS analysis, soot formation
creativework.publisherMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)en
dc.contributor.authorDamyanov I.
dc.contributor.authorDimitrov E.
dc.contributor.authorKonakchiev H.
dc.contributor.authorOgnyanov I.
dc.date.accessioned2026-01-20T13:58:04Z
dc.date.accessioned2026-01-20T15:55:14Z
dc.date.available2026-01-20T13:58:04Z
dc.date.available2026-01-20T15:55:14Z
dc.date.issued2025-12-01
dc.description.abstractThis study investigates the relationship between exhaust gas composition, particle number (PN) emissions, and soot microstructure of a 1.9 L compression-ignition engine operated under six controlled steady-state load regimes at 2000 min−1. Unlike standardized transient procedures (e.g., WLTP), the steady-state approach enables isolation and quantification of fundamental thermochemical processes governing soot formation and NOx production, providing engine-out data highly relevant for understanding Euro 7 emission behavior at the source. The novel contributions of this study include (i) a combined macroscopic–microscopic analysis linking PN emissions with SEM/EDS-based soot morphology; (ii) distribution-based estimation of soot mass concentration using experimentally derived primary particle sizes; and (iii) an experimental demonstration of the NOx–soot trade-off across increasing load, supported by microstructural evidence of soot oxidation and agglomeration. The results show a clear decrease in PN concentrations with increasing load (from 1.31 × 107 to 6.4 × 106 cm−3), accompanied by a marked rise in NOx emissions and exhaust temperature. SEM analysis confirms a transition from fine, weakly agglomerated soot structures at low load to more compact, oxidized aggregates at high load. Distribution-based particle sizing (20–80 nm, average ~45 nm) yields soot mass estimates that are consistent with theoretical trends and more accurate than fixed-radius approaches. These findings provide experimentally supported insights into engine-out particulate behavior that complements regulatory PN metrics in Euro 7, offering a mechanistic basis for improved emission control strategies and for interpreting PN-focused regulatory thresholds under real-world operating conditions.
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/atmos16121336
dc.identifier.issn2073-4433
dc.identifier.scopusSCOPUS_ID:105026007312en
dc.identifier.urihttps://rlib.uctm.edu/handle/123456789/1942
dc.language.isoen
dc.source.urihttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=105026007312&origin=inward
dc.titleInfluence of Engine Load on Soot Mass Concentration and Morphology in Diesel Exhaust
dc.typeArticle
oaire.citation.issue12
oaire.citation.volume16
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