Influence of Na Additives on the Characteristics of Titania-Based Humidity Sensing Elements, Prepared via a Sol–Gel Method

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creativework.keywordshumidity sensing elements, Na additives, sodium hydroxide, sodium tert-butoxide, sol-gel method, titanium dioxide
creativework.publisherMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)en
dc.contributor.authorNenova Z.
dc.contributor.authorKozhukharov S.
dc.contributor.authorNedev N.
dc.contributor.authorNenov T.
dc.date.accessioned2026-01-20T13:58:04Z
dc.date.accessioned2026-01-20T15:55:10Z
dc.date.available2026-01-20T13:58:04Z
dc.date.available2026-01-20T15:55:10Z
dc.date.issued2025-10-01
dc.description.abstractHumidity sensing elements based on sodium-doped titanium dioxide (Na-doped TiO2) were prepared using a sol–gel method in the presence of cerium ions and sintered at 400 °C and 800 °C. Titanium (IV) n-butoxide and a saturated solution of diammonium hexanitratocerate in isobutanol served as starting materials. Sodium hydroxide and sodium tert-butoxide were used as inorganic and organometallic sodium sources, respectively. The influence of sodium additives on the properties of the humidity sensing elements was systematically investigated. The surface morphologies of the obtained layers were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Elemental mapping was conducted by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and structural characterization was performed using X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Electrical properties were studied for samples sintered at different temperatures over a relative humidity range of 15% to 95% at 20 Hz and 25 °C. Experimental results indicate that sodium doping enhances humidity sensitivity compared to undoped reference samples. Incorporation of sodium additives increases the resistance variation range of the sensing elements, reaching over five orders of magnitude for samples sintered at 400 °C and four orders of magnitude for those sintered at 800 °C.
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/s25196075
dc.identifier.issn1424-8220
dc.identifier.scopusSCOPUS_ID:105018910057en
dc.identifier.urihttps://rlib.uctm.edu/handle/123456789/1907
dc.language.isoen
dc.source.urihttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=105018910057&origin=inward
dc.titleInfluence of Na Additives on the Characteristics of Titania-Based Humidity Sensing Elements, Prepared via a Sol–Gel Method
dc.typeArticle
oaire.citation.issue19
oaire.citation.volume25
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